PART-(A)
1. Differentiate the terms and give suitable example of each:
(a) Obligate and facultative anaerobes
(b) Oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation
2. (a) Name two coenzymes derived from the vitamin riboflavin. Write one reaction indicating their role.
(b) Explain the regulation of glycolysis pathway.
3. (a) Describe the role of pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex in acetyl CoA synthesis.
(b) What is pentose phosphate pathway and its importance?
4. (a) Which factors govern the reciprocal regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis and why is it important?
(b) Demonstrate the role of reversible covalent modification of enzymes in glycogen metabolism.
5. (a) Draw Calvin cycle and explain carbon fixation by RuBisCo in plants.
(b) What are the clinical implications if blood glucose homeostasis is not maintained?
PART- (B)
6. (a) With the help of a neat diagram, explain the stages in digestion, absorption and transport of dietary fats.
(b) What is the product of last reaction in β- oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with odd number of carbon atoms? Explain its fate in animals and plants.
7. (a) Write short notes on Refsum’s disease and ketosis.
(b) Write the role of acetyl CoA carboxylase in fatty acid synthesis.
8. (a) Name the key regulatory enzyme of de novo cholesterol biosynthesis. How does it exert the regulation?
(b) Calculate the energy cost of synthesis of palmitic acid.
9. (a) Explain the synthesis of triacylglycerols from dihydroxyacetone as precursor.
(b) Which type of lipids use ceramide as backbone? Give a general overview of the pathway for synthesis of ceramide.
10. (a) Write different possible fates of glucose in liver.
(b) Explain the role of any two hormone signals which regulate fat metabolism.
PART-(A)
1. Define the terms:
(a) Autotrophs
(b) Amphibolic reactions
(c) Fermentation
(d) Primary metabolic pathways
(e) Anabolism
2. (a) Explain metabolism and write its functions.
(b) What is substrate level phosphorylation? Write reactions of glycolysis in which substrate level phosphorylation takes place.
3. (a) With the help of a neatly labeled diagram, explain different steps of TCA cycle and its significance.
(b) Describe the coordinated regulation of TCA and glyoxylate cycles.
4. (a) Describe the process of glycogenesis.
(b) What are glycogen storage diseases? Explain any two.
5. (a) Explain the mechanisms involved in concentration of CO2 in C4 plants and indicate the relevance of these adaptations for plant growth
(b) Compare the characteristics of C3, C4 and CAM plants
PART- (B)
6. (a) How are fatty acids activated and transported to the site of their oxidation?
(b) Define ketogenesis, is it a normal, physiological process? Explain why it goes up in conditions of starvation and uncontrolled diabetes?
7. (a) How does β oxidation of fatty acids in peroxisomes different from that occurring in mitochondria?
(b) Illustrate organization of various domains of animal fatty acid synthase and write their activities.
8. (a) Explain the allosteric resgulation of fatty acid biosynthesis.
(b) Write the role of various lipoproteins in lipid transport.
9. (a) What are the four different pathways of TAG synthesis? Explain any one.
(b) How is cholesterol biosynthesis regulated?
10. (a) Which is the major phospholipid present in human lung surfactant and how is it synthesized?
(b) Name the lipid that accumulates in Faber’s disease and Tay-Sach’s disease. Explain the signs and symptoms of these diseases.
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